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adjectives

Fun Facts About English #82 – Test Your Knowledge of Stacked Adjectives

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Kinney Brothers Publishing Stacked Adjectives

Nothing made me feel more inculcated into my own language than the idea of stacked adjectives. In an English speaker’s subconscious mind, multiple adjectives have a specific order if accumulative. When they fall out of that order, the brain glitches, and the meaning can be lost, confused, or even misconstrued.

Adjectives

We learn in school that adjectives fall into categories, such as color, size, shape, age, etc. When multiple adjectives are used in a sentence, they appear in one of two types of groups: coordinate or cumulative adjectives.

An example of coordinate adjectives is, “It’s a black, brown, and white cat.” The adjectives are all in the same category of color, can be understood in any order, and must be separated with commas.

“I have two cute little pink pigs,” is a sentence with cumulative adjectives. With each successive adjective, categorical information is accumulated about the noun they modify and don’t require commas between them. The crux of stacked adjectives is the order that they are expected to appear.

Stacked Adjectives

Though there’s nothing semantically different between “a white big house” and “a big white house,” the second aligns itself to an English speaker’s internal ordering of adjectives – the result of a linguistic potty training we don’t even remember. An invisible code snaps into place and an adjectival conga line forms with all the modifiers in a proper queue:

  1. Quantity or number
  2. Quality or opinion
  3. Size
  4. Age
  5. Shape
  6. Color
  7. Proper adjective (nationality, place of origin, or material)
  8. Purpose or qualifier

There are linguists and laymen alike who oppose this strict order, such as size after opinion, arguing that a person is no less correct or clear in saying “a mean little dog” or “a little mean dog.” Nonetheless, patterns are imprinted from an early age and set with children’s stories like My Naughty Little Sister or Lily’s Purple Plastic Purse. (There is the curious case of “the big bad wolf” that doesn’t follow the size after opinion rule. That is the subject of another Fun Facts About English.)

Adjective order is still flexible enough for changing the character or meaning of an object being described. For example, a “fake Japanese watch” is a knock-off of a Japanese-made watch, but a “Japanese fake watch,” is a thing (dummy, toy, or phony) from Japan masquerading as a watch.

It would be impossible for most of us to elucidate this adjectival order, though we employ it in our language every day. Take the following sentence for example:

“This is a yellow new French cotton handsome jacket.”

It’s difficult to discern what the sentence is trying to convey and comes off like an adjective salad. In their proper order, the descriptors should be aligned thusly:

“This is a handsome new yellow French cotton jacket.”

Of course, one can stack adjectives so high that it becomes a categorical nightmare to mentally sort — whether you’re listening or speaking. This is why it’s often recommended that we limit the number of adjectives in a sentence to keep the lingual conveyor moving smoothly, for example:

“This is a handsome new yellow jacket. It’s from France and made of cotton.”

The Test

Imagine that you’re a foreign speaker of English. You’ve spent weeks memorizing adjectival order to answer test questions like the five below. Marvel at the sorting function that activates in your native English brain! The answers are below. Good luck and let me know your score in the comments!

  1. Which sentence uses the correct order of adjectives?
    A. We took a ride on a green old Korean bus.
    B. We took a ride on a Korean old green bus.
    C. We took a ride on an old green Korean bus.

  2. Which sentence uses the correct order of adjectives?
    A. My brother rode a beautiful big black Arabian horse in the parade.
    B. My brother rode a beautiful Arabian big black horse in the parade.
    C. My brother rode a big black beautiful Arabian horse in the parade.


    For the next three questions, insert the adjectives that are in the correct order.

  3. I bought a pair of _________________boots.
    A. new nice yellow rain
    B. nice new yellow rain
    C. yellow nice new rain

  4. Put the money into that __________________box.
    A. little old round red
    B. round little old red
    C. little old red round

  5. She was surprised to get a ________________ puppy for her birthday!
    A. little beagle cute ten-week-old
    B. cute ten-week-old little beagle
    C. cute little ten-week-old beagle

    Answers: 1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-A, 5-C

You might also be interested to learn about the most common adjectives, why Big Bad Wolf follows a different adjectival order, or how to begin teaching stacked adjectives to your youngest ESL students!  Read more on the Kinney Brothers Publishing blog!

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Fun Facts About English #5 – The Most Common Adjective

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Fun Facts About English 5 Kinney Brothers Publishing

Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns, such as huge, pretty, stupid, blue, exciting, and fast. They can also describe the quantity of nouns, like many, few, billions, and eleven.

Below is a list of the twenty-five most common adjectives from the OEC (Oxford English Corpus — a very large collection of English texts). Writers in the English language must be very optimistic as the most-used adjective is good whereas bad doesn’t show up until the 23rd slot!

list of 25 most common adjectives Kinney Brothers Publishing

In the past, it’s been brought to America’s collective attention that its use of fewer and less was often incorrect. Being a good grammar maven, I’ve taken note of public signage and it appears that we’re doing much better now with fewer errors. Nonetheless, there are other adjectives that continue to be misused and abused. Here is a shortlist of adjectives that we need to be more vigilant about using correctly!

1. ironic/sarcastic/coincidental: An ironic statement is something that happens in the opposite way to what is expected, typically causing wry amusement. A sarcastic statement can be ironic, but generally refers to something said facetiously and meant to ridicule. Coincidence is the unexpected occurrence of one or more events.

Irony: The fire inspector’s house burned down due to bad electrical wiring.
Sarcasm: “It takes a whole lot of money to look this cheap.” – Dolly Parton
Coincidence: Skipping work, I went to a bar and ran into my boss!

2. arrant/errant: Arrant means “immoderate or extreme” whereas errant means “meandering, straying or misbehaving.”

I have never heard more arrant nonsense in my life.
Her errant son tripped in the front door drunker than a skunk.

3. ambiguous/ambivalent: Ambiguous is to be open to more than one interpretation or having a double meaning. To be ambivalent means expressing uncertainty or having contradictory opinions.

The end of the movie was left intentionally ambiguous and open to a sequel.
John was so ambivalent to any kind of relationship, it left everyone wondering.

4. desirable/desirous: Something desirable is attractive or advantageous; desirous refers to being driven by desire.

Electric cars have become a desirable status symbol among California’s elite.
He is desirous of her hand in marriage.

5. abstruse/obtuse: Abstruse refers to something not easily comprehended because of its complexity. Obtuse has several meanings which is likely the reason for its misuse. Obtuse can mean something that is unclear because of careless or imprecise information. It also describes a person who is dull or insensitive and an object that is blunt or round. In mathematics, an obtuse angle is one that is greater than 90 degrees.

The scientist’s work is too abstruse for most people to understand.
She is being intentionally obtuse about her finances.
The obtuse young man had a hard time understanding the simplest instructions.
Children are often given obtuse instruments for their own safety.
The wonky modern building was designed with many obtuse angles.

Though adjectives are wonderful descriptors, it’s recommended that we limit their use, otherwise you’ll have to do some stacking! To learn more, check out Teaching Stacked Adjectives on the Kinney Brothers Publishing blog. Click here to test your knowledge about stacked adjectives or learn why Big Bad Wolf follows a different adjectival order!

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Check out this post where you can start introducing stacked adjectives before your students even learn to read! A good set of flashcards is worth its weight in gold. Check out all the flashcards available in Donald’s English Classroom! Need to spice up your flashcard routines? Download 50+ Flashcard Activities you can start using today.

Teaching Stacked Adjectives

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stacked adjectives kinney brothers publishing

What are stacked adjectives?

Nothing made me feel more inculcated into my own language than the idea of stacked adjectives. As native English speakers, it’s not something we often consciously think about.  Nonetheless, I’ve learned that teaching my youngest ESL students adjectival order is not only beneficial to their long-term studies, I’ve discovered a pleasurable approach that insures the lessons stick in their memory.  Unlike native speakers, it has to be taught intentionally.

In an English speaker’s subconscious mind, multiple adjectives have a specific order. When they fall out of that learned order, the brain glitches and the meaning can be lost, confused, or even misconstrued.

Let me quote from Katy Waldman’s The Secret Rules of Adjective Order:

Though red big barns and big red barns are semantically identical, the second kind pleases our ears more.  These tricky situations – neither pure correlation nor accumulation – generally occur when you cross the border between adjectival regions, such as size and color.  When that happens, an invisible code snaps into place, and the eight categories shimmy into one magistral conga line:  general opinion, then specific opinion then size then shape then age then color then provenance then material.

Thank you Katy!  Think about the following sentences:

A cat.

A black cat.

A big black cat.

A big black plastic cat.

A beautiful big black plastic cat.

A beautiful big old black plastic cat.

A beautiful big old black French plastic cat.

Even the simple sentence, “A black big cat” is a language pothole, difficult for an English speaker to mentally ignore, let alone read when the adjectives are out of their stacked order (did you miss it or did your brain reorder the sentence?)  Figure this one out:

A yellow cotton handsome Indian new jacket.

It’s difficult to even say, much less discern what the sentence is trying to convey, coming off more like a word salad to an English speaker’s way of ordering meaning.  In their proper sequence, the adjectives should be aligned thusly:

A handsome new yellow Indian cotton jacket.

How did it happen that, without any memory of having learned this, I expect my adjectives to be in a choreographed line dance with each other?  It begins when we’re very young and is reinforced in numerous story and picture books, like Lillie’s Purple Plastic Purse, or The Giant Jam Sandwich.

So, don’t be afraid to start exposing your ESL students to adjectival order.  In fact, I recommend that you start off very young – even before they learn how to read.  With a bit of forward-thinking, it will make their elementary and junior high school English classes a little easier.  If you’ve been doing chants such as, “Five Little Monkeys” or “Five Little Ducks,” you’re not only priming your kids to hear the sounds associated with numbers and plurals, but stacked adjectives as well!

Making Sentences Without Words

Start with simple nouns that begin with a consonant, like ‘cat.’  Pull out an ‘A’ card from your ABC deck.  Then grab a few of your number, color, size, and emotions cards as well. (Download color and number flashcards from my online store for free!)

Start with a simple minor sentence.  Then add a color adjective.  Once kids understand this easy pattern, mix the cards up, and have students reorder or make new sentences themselves.  It may be helpful to teach your kids that ‘A’ means ‘1’ in this context.*  Don’t forget to make a small ‘period’ or ‘full stop’ card as well.  And there’s no need to be all academic when explaining it!  There will be plenty of time for that in their little futures.  Teach a ‘period’ as a ‘bliiiing!’ or ‘ker-dunk’ or a Khoisan click of your tongue and I promise your kids will never forget to include it – to the point of annoyance.

Now, let’s add some more adjectives.

With emotions, colors, size, and an ‘A’ card, your kids have learned to make their first stacks of adjectives – and they can’t even read yet!  You’re also teaching them to recognize ‘A’ as their first sight word.  Like many teachers, you’ve probably been drilling a lot of vocabulary in separate flashcard sets.  This exercise brings that vocabulary together into coherent and ordered meaning that visually mimics language and text.  Later on, as your students move from speech to text recognition, and then to decoding language in connected text, it will be helpful to remind them of this simple exercise and the songs they used to sing when little.  Let the kids make their own sentences or dictate sentences for an excellent listening exercise.  Always ask the students to ‘read’ their sentences and help students who don’t yet understand that the correct order is important.

Upping the Ante

Once students are confident with ordering simple adjectives, start throwing numbers into the mix. By necessity, you’ll also be putting an emphasis on the ‘s’ sounds of plurals that they’re likely already using in songs and regular verbal exercises, like “Five Little Monkeys?” and “I’m four years old.”  For more on this topic, be sure to check out my post on teaching plurals to ESL students!

Now that you’ve introduced these concepts to your kids, keep a board or table available with cards so that students can make sentences on their own.  You may be surprised at what they put together!  It also pays to have a bit of sympathy and patience. Trying to consciously LEARN this order must be terrible!  I’m glad I have no memory of it – a sort of potty training of the brain.  If you introduce this concept early on, it’s going to be easier as their studies become more sophisticated.

If you’re teaching older students, download a stacked adjective worksheet page from Stories For Young Readers, Book 2, a full textbook available on David Paul’s ETJ Book Service  or the Kinney Brothers Publishing web site.  The worksheet is very helpful when learning to do the Adjective Conga and includes an answer key.  Again, color, number, and more flashcards are available from my Teachers-Pay-Teachers store.  Please feel free to visit and download!

To learn more about early reading skills, check out my previous posts Sight Words: What, When, and How and Teaching CVC Words.  You might also be interested to learn about the most common adjectives, why Big Bad Wolf follows a different adjectival order, or test your knowledge of stacked adjectives.

Good luck and enjoy!

Donald Kinney

Kinney Brothers Publishing

*OK, you grammar mavens – let’s keep it simple. I understand that ‘a’ is a special kind of adjective called an indefinite article that refers to a singular noun whose specific identity is not known to the listener or reader.  Unfortunately, at their age, my kids aren’t going to get that as an explanation – nor should they be expected to.  I also use numbers instead of written words in sentences until they learn to read the numbers as sight words.  I’m aware that this is a grammatical infraction, but I pay little heed to academic imperatives when it comes to teaching my youngest English learners.  Using easy-to-understand concepts (reduced though they may be) to teach young learners is not damaging anyone.  If you are so inclined to always be aligned to Elements of Style, simply put the words on the front of all your cards and you’ll be covered.